This is the {6,3,4} honeycomb, drawn by Roice Nelson. A 3-dimensional honeycomb is a way of filling 3d space with polyhedra or infinite sheets of polygons. Besides honeycombs in 3d Euclidean space, we can also have honeycombs in 3d hyperbolic space, a non-Euclidean geometry with constant negative curvature. The {6,3,4} honeycomb lives in hyperbolic space, and each vertex has 6 edges coming out of it, just as if you drew edges from the middle of an octahedron to its corners.
This is the {6,3,3} honeycomb, drawn by Roice Nelson. A 3-dimensional honeycomb is a way of filling 3d space with polyhedra. It’s the 3-dimensional analogue of a tiling of the plane. Besides honeycombs in 3d Euclidean space, we can also have honeycombs in 3d hyperbolic space. The hexagonal tiling honeycomb lives in hyperbolic space, and each vertex has 4 edges coming out, just as if we drew edges from the middle of a tetrahedron to its 4 corners.
Take a cube. Chop it into 3×3×3 = 27 small cubes. Poke holes through it, removing 7 of these small cubes. Repeat this process for each remaining small cube. Do this forever! The result is called the Menger sponge.
To make this shape, start with a cube. Chop it into 3×3×3 smaller cubes, and remove all of them except the 8 at the corners. Then do the same thing for each of these 8 smaller cubes, and so on, forever. The stuff that’s left is called ‘Cantor’s cube’.
This is the {5,3,5} honeycomb, drawn by Jos Leys. A 3-dimensional honeycomb is a way of filling 3d space with polyhedra. It’s the 3-dimensional analogue of a tiling of the plane. Besides honeycombs in Euclidean space, we can also have honeycombs in hyperbolic space, which is a 3-dimensional Riemannian manifold with constant negative curvature. The {5,3,5} honeycomb lives in hyperbolic space.
The Weierstrass elliptic function is built up as a sum of terms, one for each point in a lattice in the complex plane. Each term has a pole at one lattice point. The picture here shows the very first term, namely $1/z^2$. That’s why it’s bright in the middle and the colors go twice around the color wheel as you go around. If you continue reading, you’ll see a movie made by David Chudzicki where further terms are added one at a time!
Suppose we inscribe a regular pentagon, a regular decagon, and a regular hexagon in circles of the same radius. If we denote the respective edge lengths of these polygons by $P$, $D$ and $H$, then these lengths obey $P^2=D^2+H^2$. So, the edges of a pentagon, decagon and hexagon of identical radii can fit together to form a right triangle! Recently Greg Egan gave a nice proof using the icosahedron.
This is a truncated 4-dimensional cube, drawn in a curved style by Jos Leys. You can take an ordinary 3-dimensional cube, cut off its corners and get a truncated cube. Similarly, you can take a 4-dimensional cube, cut off its corners, and get a 4-dimensional uniform polytope with $2 \times 4 = 8$ truncated cubes as faces and $2^4 = 16$ tetrahedral faces! It’s called the truncated 4-cube.
A deltoid is a curve formed by rolling a circle inside a circle whose radius is 3 times larger. Similarly, an astroid is a curve formed by rolling a circle inside a circle whose radius is 4 times larger. The picture here, drawn by Greg Egan, shows a deltoid rolling inside an astroid. It fits in a perfectly snug way!
This image, drawn by Xah Lee, shows a deltoid and its catacaustic. The deltoid is the curve traced by a point on the perimeter of a circle that is rolling inside a fixed circle whose radius is three times as big. It’s called a deltoid because it looks a bit like the Greek letter delta: $\Delta$. The catacaustic of a curve in the plane is the envelope of rays emitted from some source and reflected off that curve.
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